Water circulation in karst and determination of catchment areas: example of the River Zrmanja
نویسنده
چکیده
Karst hydrological investigation of the sinking stream problem of the River Zrmanja is presented. The aim of this analysis is to assess the feasibility of constructing three hydroelectric power plants (HEPP) along the River Zrmanja course. This paper presents a suitable and simple hydrological methodology that can be applied to scarce available data obtained on complex karst terranes. The paper presents a complex but common case of water circulation in a karst system. The primary objectives of the investigations were: (a) to analyse the underground karst connections, (b) to analyse discharge conditions along the River Zrmanja, and (c) to define variations in the catchment area along the River Zrmanja. The fact that the hydrological regime of the River Zrmanja is highly variable, due to the water losses along the open streamflow, strongly influenced the selection of the locations and heights of the HEPP dams. In spite of many hydrological, meteorological and hydrogeological measurements, the River Zrmanja catchment is insufficiently gauged. This dictates the use of a simple, empirically-based hydrological methodology. The Turc (1954) and Coutagne (1954) formulas were used in determination of annual total runoff. Using these simple hydrological methods, some important engineering answers were obtained. This is a first step towards application of sophisticated hydrological models, needing large amounts of reliable data. La circulation de l'eau dans le karst: l'exemple de la Rivière Zrmanja Résumé On expose les recherches menées sur l'engouffrement de l'eau dans le karst sur l'exemple de la Rivière Zrmanja. Le but final de ces recherches est d'évaluer la possibilité de construction de trois usines hydroélectriques le long du lit de la Rivière Zrmanja. On utilise la méthodologie hydrologique simple, quelle il est possible d'appliquer dans le cas où l'on dispose de peu de données dans un environnement karstique complexe. On expose le cas complexe mais fréquent de la circulation de l'eau dans le karst, où il a été analysé: (a) les liaisons karstiques souterraines, (b) les modifications de l'écoulement le long du cours de la Zrmanja, et (c) la définition des modifications des bassins versants le long du cours de la Zrmanja. Le fait que le régime hydrologique de la Rivière Zrmanja soit fort variable à cause d'un engouffrement des eaux le long du lit, est prépondérant dans le choix de l'emplacement et de la hauteur des barrages. Malgré les nombreuses mesures hydrologiques, météorologiques et hydrogéologiques effectuées, le bassin versant de la Rivière Zrmanja est insuffisamment connu, ce qui impose l'utilisation d'une méthodologie hydrologique simple, basée sur l'expérience. Les formules de Turc (1954) et de Coutagne (1954) ont été utilisées pour l'estimation de l'écoulement total annuel. Le recours à ces méthodes hydrologiques simples donne néanmoins des réponses significatives du point de vue de l'ingénieur. Il s'agit d'un premier pas avant l'utilisation de modèles hydrologiques numériques complexes, nécessitant un grand nombre de données hydrométéorologiques fiables.
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